Marriott International Reports First Quarter Results
HIGHLIGHTS
- First quarter diluted EPS totaled
$0.57 , a 33 percent increase over prior year results; - North American comparable systemwide RevPAR rose 6.3 percent in the first quarter with average daily rates up 3.3 percent;
- On a constant dollar basis, worldwide comparable systemwide RevPAR rose 6.2 percent in the first quarter, including a 3.2 percent increase in average daily rate;
Marriott repurchased 7.0 million shares of the company's common stock for$356 million during the first quarter. Year-to-date, the company repurchased 9.0 million shares for$467 million ;- Comparable company-operated house profit margins increased 160 basis points in
North America and 130 basis points worldwide in the first quarter; - Adjusted for cost reimbursements, the company's operating income margin increased to 41 percent compared to 38 percent in the year-ago quarter;
- At the end of the first quarter, the company's worldwide development pipeline increased to over 200,000 rooms, including nearly 30,000 rooms approved, but not yet subject to signed contracts. The pipeline does not include the more than 10,000 rooms associated with the Protea transaction, which was completed on
April 1st ; - Nearly 6,000 rooms were added during the first quarter, including over 1,000 rooms converted from competitor brands and 3,300 rooms in international markets;
- Adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) totaled
$339 million in the quarter, a 12 percent increase over first quarter 2013 adjusted EBITDA.
First quarter 2014 net income totaled
"North American group and transient demand exceeded our expectations during the quarter, driving RevPAR and house profit margins higher. We were particularly pleased to see higher food and beverage spending by both groups and transient guests.
"While hotel industry supply in
"On
"Looking ahead, we expect demand to remain strong, with North American comparable company-operated RevPAR increasing 4 ½ to 6 ½ percent in 2014 and property-level house profit margins improving 100 to 150 basis points. We expect 5 percent net rooms growth worldwide and another year of record signings from our development team.
"We remain committed to increasing RevPAR, growing our distribution globally and controlling costs in order to drive earnings and shareholder value. Over the past 4 years, we have repurchased 103.1 million shares for approximately
For the 2014 first quarter, RevPAR for worldwide comparable systemwide properties increased 6.2 percent (a 5.9 percent increase using actual dollars).
In
International comparable systemwide RevPAR rose 5.7 percent (a 4.4 percent increase using actual dollars) in the first quarter.
The company's worldwide development pipeline increased to more than 1,200 properties with over 200,000 rooms at quarter-end, including 186 properties with nearly 30,000 rooms approved for development, but not yet subject to signed contracts. The company's pipeline at quarter-end does not include the 10,148 rooms associated with the Protea transaction.
MARRIOTT REVENUES totaled nearly
First quarter worldwide incentive management fees increased
On
Worldwide comparable company-operated house profit margins increased 130 basis points in the first quarter. House profit margins for comparable company-operated properties outside
Owned, leased and other revenue, net of direct expenses, totaled
On
DEPRECIATION and AMORTIZATION expense totaled
GENERAL, ADMINISTRATIVE and OTHER expenses for the 2014 first quarter totaled
On
Provision for Income Taxes
The provision for income taxes in the first quarter was lower than anticipated due to a net
Adjusted Earnings before Interest Expense, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA)
Adjusted EBITDA totaled
BALANCE SHEET
At the end of the first quarter, total debt was
COMMON STOCK
Weighted average fully diluted shares outstanding used to calculate diluted EPS totaled 303.3 million in the 2014 first quarter, compared to 320.0 million in the year-ago quarter.
The company repurchased 7.0 million shares of common stock in the first quarter at a cost of
OUTLOOK
For the 2014 second quarter, the company expects comparable systemwide calendar RevPAR on a constant dollar basis will increase 4 to 6 percent in
The company expects full year 2014 comparable systemwide RevPAR on a constant dollar basis will increase 4.5 to 6.5 percent in
The company anticipates gross room additions of 6 percent worldwide for the full year 2014 including the 10,148 rooms associated with the Protea acquisition. Net of deletions, the company expects its portfolio of rooms will increase by approximately 5 percent by year-end 2014.
The company assumes full year fee revenue could total
For 2014, the company anticipates general, administrative and other expenses will total
Given these assumptions, 2014 diluted EPS could total
Second Quarter 2014 |
Full Year 2014 | |
Total fee revenue |
|
|
Owned, leased and other revenue, |
|
|
Depreciation and amortization |
Approx. |
Approx. |
General, administrative and other expenses |
|
|
Operating income |
|
|
Gains and other income |
Approx. |
Approx. |
Net interest expense1 |
Approx. |
Approx. |
Equity in earnings (losses) |
Approx. |
Approx. |
Earnings per share |
|
|
Tax rate |
32.0 percent |
1 Net of interest income
The company expects investment spending in 2014 will total approximately
Based upon the assumptions above, the company expects full year 2014 adjusted EBITDA will total
The telephone dial-in number for the conference call is 706-679-3455 and the conference ID is 10575194. A telephone replay of the conference call will be available from
Note on forward-looking statements: This press release and accompanying schedules contain "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of federal securities laws, including RevPAR, profit margin and earnings trends, estimates and assumptions; the number of lodging properties we expect to add to or remove from our system in the future; our expectations about investment spending; and similar statements concerning anticipated future events and expectations that are not historical facts. We caution you that these statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those we identify below and other risk factors that we identify in our most recent annual report on Form 10-K quarterly report on Form 10-Q. Risks that could affect forward-looking statements in this press release include changes in market
conditions; the continuation and pace of the economic recovery; supply and demand changes for hotel rooms; competitive conditions in the lodging industry; relationships with clients and property owners; and the availability of capital to finance hotel growth and refurbishment. Any of these factors could cause actual results to differ materially from the expectations we express or imply in this press release. We make these forward-looking statements as of
IRPR#1
Tables follow
| ||||||||||||||
PRESS RELEASE SCHEDULES | ||||||||||||||
QUARTER 1, 2014 | ||||||||||||||
TABLE OF CONTENTS | ||||||||||||||
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income __________________________________________ |
A-1 | |||||||||||||
Fiscal Year 2013 Operating Income ____________________________________________________ |
A-2 | |||||||||||||
Total Lodging Products ______________________________________________________________ |
A-3 | |||||||||||||
Key Lodging Statistics ______________________________________________________________ |
A-4 | |||||||||||||
EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA ________________________________________________________ |
A-6 | |||||||||||||
EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA Full Year Forecast _________________________________________ |
A-7 | |||||||||||||
Adjusted Operating Income Margin Excluding Cost Reimbursements __________________________ |
A-8 | |||||||||||||
Non-GAAP Financial Measures _______________________________________________________ |
A-9 | |||||||||||||
| ||||||
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME | ||||||
FIRST QUARTER 2014 AND 2013 | ||||||
(in millions except per share amounts, unaudited) | ||||||
Three Months Ended |
Three Months Ended |
Percent Better/ | ||||
|
|
(Worse) | ||||
REVENUES |
||||||
Base management fees |
$ 155 |
$ 153 |
1 | |||
Franchise fees |
163 |
151 |
8 | |||
Incentive management fees |
71 |
66 |
8 | |||
Owned, leased and other revenue 2 |
234 |
224 |
4 | |||
Cost reimbursements 3 |
2,670 |
2,548 |
5 | |||
Total Revenues |
3,293 |
3,142 |
5 | |||
OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES |
||||||
Owned and leased - direct 4 |
185 |
179 |
(3) | |||
Reimbursed costs |
2,670 |
2,548 |
(5) | |||
Depreciation and amortization 5 |
36 |
25 |
(44) | |||
General, administrative and other 6 |
148 |
164 |
10 | |||
Total Expenses |
3,039 |
2,916 |
(4) | |||
OPERATING INCOME |
254 |
226 |
12 | |||
Gains and other income 7 |
- |
3 |
(100) | |||
Interest expense |
(30) |
(31) |
3 | |||
Interest income |
5 |
3 |
67 | |||
Equity in earnings 8 |
2 |
- |
* | |||
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES |
231 |
201 |
15 | |||
Provision for income taxes |
(59) |
(65) |
9 | |||
NET INCOME |
$ 172 |
$ 136 |
26 | |||
EARNINGS PER SHARE - Basic |
||||||
Earnings per share |
$ 0.58 |
$ 0.44 |
32 | |||
EARNINGS PER SHARE - Diluted |
||||||
Earnings per share |
$ 0.57 |
$ 0.43 |
33 | |||
Basic Shares |
296.1 |
311.8 |
||||
Diluted Shares |
303.3 |
320.0 |
||||
* Percent cannot be calculated. | ||||||
1 - Prior year results reflect 93 days of activity from | ||||||
2 - Owned, leased, and other revenue includes revenue from the properties we own or lease, termination fees, branding fees, and other revenue. | ||||||
3 - Cost reimbursements include reimbursements from properties for | ||||||
4 - Owned and leased - direct expenses include operating expenses related to our owned or leased hotels, including lease payments and pre-opening expenses. | ||||||
5 - Depreciation and amortization expense includes depreciation and amortization previously classified in owned, leased, and other expenses and general administrative, and other expenses. | ||||||
6 - General, administrative and other expenses include the overhead costs allocated to our segments, and our corporate overhead costs and and general expenses. | ||||||
7 - Gains and other income includes gains and losses on: the sale of real estate, note sales or repayments, the sale or other-than-temporary impairment of joint ventures and investments, debt extinguishments, and income from cost method joint ventures. | ||||||
8 - Equity in earnings includes our equity in earnings or losses of unconsolidated equity method joint ventures. | ||||||
A-1
| ||||||||||
FISCAL YEAR 2013 OPERATING INCOME | ||||||||||
($ in millions, unaudited) | ||||||||||
Fiscal Year 2013 | ||||||||||
First Quarter |
Second Quarter |
Third Quarter |
Fourth Quarter |
Full Year | ||||||
REVENUES |
||||||||||
Base management fees |
$ 153 |
$ 166 |
$ 150 |
$ 152 |
$ 621 | |||||
Franchise fees |
151 |
177 |
175 |
163 |
666 | |||||
Incentive management fees |
66 |
64 |
53 |
73 |
256 | |||||
Owned, leased, and other revenue 1 |
224 |
246 |
220 |
260 |
950 | |||||
Cost reimbursements 2 |
2,548 |
2,610 |
2,562 |
2,571 |
10,291 | |||||
Total Revenues |
3,142 |
3,263 |
3,160 |
3,219 |
12,784 | |||||
OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES |
||||||||||
Owned and leased - direct 3 |
179 |
181 |
172 |
197 |
729 | |||||
Reimbursed costs |
2,548 |
2,610 |
2,562 |
2,571 |
10,291 | |||||
Depreciation and amortization 4 |
25 |
33 |
34 |
35 |
127 | |||||
General, administrative and other 5 |
164 |
160 |
147 |
178 |
649 | |||||
Total Expenses |
2,916 |
2,984 |
2,915 |
2,981 |
11,796 | |||||
OPERATING INCOME |
$ 226 |
$ 279 |
$ 245 |
$ 238 |
$ 988 | |||||
1 - Owned, leased, and other revenue includes revenue from the properties we own or lease, termination fees, branding fees, and other revenue. | ||||||||||
2 - Cost reimbursements include reimbursements from properties for | ||||||||||
3 - Owned and leased - direct expenses include operating expenses related to our owned or leased hotels, including lease payments and pre-opening expenses. | ||||||||||
4 - Depreciation and amortization expense includes depreciation and amortization previously classified in owned, leased, and other expenses and general, administrative, and other expenses. | ||||||||||
5 - General, administrative and other expenses include the overhead costs allocated to our segments, and our corporate overhead costs and general expenses. |
A-2
| ||||||||
TOTAL LODGING PRODUCTS | ||||||||
Number of Properties |
Number of Rooms/Suites | |||||||
Brand |
2014 |
2013 |
vs. 2013 |
2014 |
2013 |
vs. 2013 | ||
Domestic Full-Service |
||||||||
|
344 |
348 |
(4) |
138,857 |
140,629 |
(1,772) | ||
Renaissance |
76 |
78 |
(2) |
27,189 |
28,209 |
(1,020) | ||
Autograph Collection |
34 |
26 |
8 |
8,842 |
6,910 |
1,932 | ||
Gaylord Hotels |
5 |
5 |
- |
8,098 |
8,098 |
- | ||
The Ritz-Carlton |
37 |
38 |
(1) |
11,040 |
11,357 |
(317) | ||
The |
30 |
30 |
- |
3,598 |
3,598 |
- | ||
Domestic Limited-Service |
||||||||
Courtyard |
837 |
820 |
17 |
118,118 |
115,095 |
3,023 | ||
|
695 |
679 |
16 |
63,219 |
61,666 |
1,553 | ||
SpringHill Suites |
310 |
297 |
13 |
36,434 |
34,844 |
1,590 | ||
|
626 |
607 |
19 |
75,634 |
73,249 |
2,385 | ||
TownePlace Suites |
222 |
212 |
10 |
22,087 |
21,118 |
969 | ||
International |
||||||||
Marriott Hotels |
220 |
210 |
10 |
67,613 |
64,392 |
3,221 | ||
Renaissance |
78 |
75 |
3 |
24,809 |
24,400 |
409 | ||
Autograph Collection 1 |
26 |
15 |
11 |
3,475 |
1,571 |
1,904 | ||
Courtyard |
119 |
114 |
5 |
23,198 |
22,244 |
954 | ||
|
17 |
13 |
4 |
2,092 |
1,568 |
524 | ||
SpringHill Suites |
2 |
2 |
- |
299 |
299 |
- | ||
|
24 |
23 |
1 |
3,349 |
3,229 |
120 | ||
TownePlace Suites |
2 |
2 |
- |
278 |
278 |
- | ||
|
28 |
26 |
2 |
4,423 |
4,140 |
283 | ||
The Ritz-Carlton |
47 |
43 |
4 |
13,777 |
13,120 |
657 | ||
The |
10 |
7 |
3 |
630 |
469 |
161 | ||
|
4 |
4 |
- |
579 |
579 |
- | ||
|
3 |
3 |
- |
202 |
202 |
- | ||
EDITION |
2 |
1 |
1 |
251 |
78 |
173 | ||
|
74 |
79 |
(5) |
8,329 |
8,819 |
(490) | ||
Timeshare 2 |
62 |
65 |
(3) |
12,901 |
13,002 |
(101) | ||
Total |
3,934 |
3,822 |
112 |
679,321 |
663,163 |
16,158 | ||
1 All | ||||||||
2 Timeshare unit and room counts are as of |
A-3
| ||||||||||
KEY LODGING STATISTICS | ||||||||||
Constant $ | ||||||||||
Comparable Company-Operated International Properties1 | ||||||||||
Three Months Ended | ||||||||||
REVPAR |
Occupancy |
Average | ||||||||
Region |
2014 |
vs. 2013 |
2014 |
vs. 2013 |
2014 |
vs. 2013 | ||||
|
|
11.0% |
77.7% |
2.5% |
pts. |
|
7.5% | |||
|
|
2.6% |
63.4% |
1.4% |
pts. |
|
0.3% | |||
|
|
-0.6% |
59.6% |
0.0% |
pts. |
|
-0.6% | |||
|
|
6.3% |
70.8% |
2.2% |
pts. |
|
2.9% | |||
Total International2 |
|
5.3% |
67.7% |
1.7% |
pts. |
|
2.7% | |||
Worldwide3 |
|
5.8% |
70.1% |
2.0% |
pts. |
|
2.7% | |||
Comparable Systemwide International Properties1 | ||||||||||
Three Months Ended | ||||||||||
REVPAR |
Occupancy |
Average | ||||||||
Region |
2014 |
vs. 2013 |
2014 |
vs. 2013 |
2014 |
vs. 2013 | ||||
|
|
9.9% |
73.1% |
2.5% |
pts. |
|
6.2% | |||
|
|
3.6% |
61.6% |
1.7% |
pts. |
|
0.8% | |||
|
|
0.4% |
60.5% |
0.5% |
pts. |
|
-0.5% | |||
|
|
6.4% |
71.2% |
2.2% |
pts. |
|
3.1% | |||
Total International4 |
|
5.7% |
66.6% |
1.9% |
pts. |
|
2.7% | |||
Worldwide3 |
|
6.2% |
69.1% |
1.9% |
pts. |
|
3.2% | |||
1 Statistics are in constant dollars. International includes properties located outside | ||||||||||
2 | ||||||||||
3 | ||||||||||
4 |
A-4
| ||||||||||
KEY LODGING STATISTICS | ||||||||||
Comparable Company-Operated North American Properties1 | ||||||||||
Three Months Ended | ||||||||||
REVPAR |
Occupancy |
Average | ||||||||
Brand |
2014 |
vs. 2013 |
2014 |
vs. 2013 |
2014 |
vs. 2013 | ||||
|
|
5.5% |
73.1% |
1.7% |
pts. |
|
3.0% | |||
Renaissance |
|
3.8% |
71.1% |
1.5% |
pts. |
|
1.5% | |||
The Ritz-Carlton |
|
5.2% |
72.5% |
1.0% |
pts. |
|
3.7% | |||
Composite North American Full-Service2 |
|
5.3% |
72.5% |
1.7% |
pts. |
|
2.8% | |||
Courtyard |
|
8.6% |
66.5% |
2.9% |
pts. |
|
3.8% | |||
SpringHill Suites |
|
3.4% |
69.6% |
1.4% |
pts. |
|
1.4% | |||
|
|
6.2% |
75.3% |
3.0% |
pts. |
|
2.0% | |||
TownePlace Suites |
|
15.8% |
68.9% |
7.1% |
pts. |
|
3.9% | |||
Composite North American Limited-Service3 |
|
7.7% |
69.2% |
2.9% |
pts. |
|
3.2% | |||
Composite - All4 |
|
6.0% |
71.2% |
2.2% |
pts. |
|
2.7% | |||
Comparable Systemwide North American Properties1 | ||||||||||
Three Months Ended | ||||||||||
REVPAR |
Occupancy |
Average | ||||||||
Brand |
2014 |
vs. 2013 |
2014 |
vs. 2013 |
2014 |
vs. 2013 | ||||
|
|
6.3% |
70.5% |
1.9% |
pts. |
|
3.5% | |||
Renaissance |
|
5.9% |
69.9% |
2.2% |
pts. |
|
2.6% | |||
Autograph Collection |
|
13.0% |
75.8% |
1.5% |
pts. |
|
10.7% | |||
The Ritz-Carlton |
|
5.2% |
72.5% |
1.0% |
pts. |
|
3.7% | |||
Composite North American Full-Service5 |
|
6.5% |
70.7% |
1.9% |
pts. |
|
3.6% | |||
Courtyard |
|
6.4% |
67.2% |
1.7% |
pts. |
|
3.8% | |||
|
|
5.2% |
63.7% |
1.4% |
pts. |
|
2.9% | |||
SpringHill Suites |
|
7.1% |
70.3% |
2.8% |
pts. |
|
2.9% | |||
|
|
5.7% |
75.4% |
2.1% |
pts. |
|
2.8% | |||
TownePlace Suites |
|
8.2% |
70.5% |
3.7% |
pts. |
|
2.6% | |||
Composite North American Limited-Service3 |
|
6.2% |
69.0% |
2.0% |
pts. |
|
3.1% | |||
Composite - All6 |
|
6.3% |
69.6% |
2.0% |
pts. |
|
3.3% | |||
1 Statistics include properties located in | ||||||||||
2 | ||||||||||
3 | ||||||||||
4 | ||||||||||
| ||||||||||
5 | ||||||||||
6 |
A-5
| |||||||||
NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES | |||||||||
EBITDA AND ADJUSTED EBITDA | |||||||||
($ in millions) | |||||||||
Fiscal Year 2014 |
|||||||||
First |
|||||||||
Net Income |
$ 172 |
||||||||
Interest expense |
30 |
||||||||
Tax provision |
59 |
||||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
36 |
||||||||
Depreciation classified in Reimbursed costs |
12 |
||||||||
Interest expense from unconsolidated joint ventures |
1 |
||||||||
Depreciation and amortization from unconsolidated joint ventures |
4 |
||||||||
EBITDA ** |
314 |
||||||||
Share-based compensation (including share-based compensation reimbursed by third-party owners) |
25 |
||||||||
Adjusted EBITDA ** |
$ 339 |
||||||||
Increase over 2013 First Quarter Adjusted EBITDA ** |
12% |
||||||||
Fiscal Year 2013 | |||||||||
First |
Second Quarter |
Third Quarter |
Fourth Quarter |
Total | |||||
Net Income |
$ 136 |
$ 179 |
$ 160 |
$ 151 |
$ 626 | ||||
Interest expense |
31 |
29 |
28 |
32 |
120 | ||||
Tax provision |
65 |
84 |
63 |
59 |
271 | ||||
Depreciation and amortization |
25 |
33 |
34 |
35 |
127 | ||||
Depreciation classified in Reimbursed costs |
12 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
48 | ||||
Interest expense from unconsolidated joint ventures |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
4 | ||||
Depreciation and amortization from unconsolidated joint ventures |
3 |
3 |
3 |
4 |
13 | ||||
EBITDA ** |
273 |
341 |
301 |
294 |
1,209 | ||||
Share-based compensation (including share-based compensation reimbursed by third-party owners) |
30 |
31 |
28 |
27 |
116 | ||||
Adjusted EBITDA ** |
$ 303 |
$ 372 |
$ 329 |
$ 321 |
$ 1,325 | ||||
** Denotes non-GAAP financial measures. Please see page A-9 for information about our reasons for providing these alternative financial measures and the limitations on their use. |
A-6
| ||||||
NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES | ||||||
FULL YEAR EBITDA AND ADJUSTED EBITDA | ||||||
FORECASTED 2014 | ||||||
($ in millions) | ||||||
Range |
||||||
Estimated EBITDA |
As Reported | |||||
Net Income |
$ 703 |
$ 745 |
$ 626 | |||
Interest expense |
120 |
120 |
120 | |||
Tax provision |
307 |
325 |
271 | |||
Depreciation and amortization |
130 |
130 |
127 | |||
Depreciation classified in Reimbursed costs |
50 |
50 |
48 | |||
Interest expense from unconsolidated joint ventures |
5 |
5 |
4 | |||
Depreciation and amortization from unconsolidated joint ventures |
15 |
15 |
13 | |||
EBITDA ** |
1,330 |
1,390 |
1,209 | |||
Share-based compensation (including share-based compensation reimbursed by third-party owners) |
110 |
110 |
116 | |||
Adjusted EBITDA ** |
$ 1,440 |
$ 1,500 |
$ 1,325 | |||
Increase over 2013 Adjusted EBITDA ** |
9% |
13% |
||||
** Denotes non-GAAP financial measures. See page A-9 for information about our reasons for providing these alternative financial measures and the limitations on their use. |
A-7
| |||
NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES | |||
ADJUSTED OPERATING INCOME MARGIN EXCLUDING COST REIMBURSEMENTS | |||
FIRST QUARTER 2014 AND 2013 | |||
($ in millions) | |||
OPERATING INCOME MARGIN |
First |
First | |
Operating Income |
$ 254 |
$ 226 | |
Total revenues as reported |
$ 3,293 |
$ 3,142 | |
Less: cost reimbursements |
(2,670) |
(2,548) | |
Total revenues excluding cost reimbursements ** |
$ 623 |
$ 594 | |
Operating income margin, excluding cost reimbursements ** |
41% |
38% | |
ADJUSTED OPERATING INCOME MARGIN |
First |
First | |
Operating Income |
$ 254 |
$ 226 | |
Add: EDITION impairment charge |
10 |
- | |
Less: estimated calendar impact of additional three days |
- |
(5) | |
Operating income, as adjusted ** |
$ 264 |
$ 221 | |
Adjusted operating income increase over prior year ** |
19% |
||
Adjusted operating income margin, excluding cost reimbursements ** |
42% |
||
** Denotes non-GAAP financial measures. See page A-9 for information about our reasons for providing these alternative financial measures and the limitations on their use. |
A-8
NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
In our press release and schedules, and on the related conference call, we report certain financial measures that are not prescribed or authorized by
Adjusted Operating Income Excluding Impairment Charge and Calendar Impact. In the 2014 first quarter we recorded a
Earnings Before Interest Expense, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization ("EBITDA") and Adjusted EBITDA. EBITDA, a financial measure that is not prescribed or authorized GAAP, reflects earnings excluding the impact of interest expense, provision for income taxes, depreciation and amortization. We believe that EBITDA is a meaningful indicator of operating performance because we use it to measure our ability to service debt, fund capital expenditures, and expand our business. We also use EBITDA, as do analysts, lenders, investors and others, to evaluate companies because it excludes certain items that can vary widely across different industries or among companies within the same industry. For example, interest expense can be dependent on a company's capital structure, debt levels, and credit ratings. Accordingly, the impact of interest expense on earnings can vary significantly among companies. The tax positions of companies can also vary because of their differing abilities to take advantage of tax benefits and because of the tax policies of the jurisdictions in which they operate. As a result, effective tax rates and provision for income taxes can vary considerably among companies. EBITDA also excludes depreciation and amortization expense which we report under "Depreciation and amortization" as well as depreciation included under "Reimbursed costs" in our Consolidated Statements of Income, because companies utilize productive assets of different ages and use different methods of both acquiring and depreciating productive assets. These differences can result in considerable variability in the relative costs of productive assets and the depreciation and amortization expense among companies.
We also believe that Adjusted EBITDA, another non-GAAP financial measure, is a meaningful indicator of operating performance. Our Adjusted EBITDA reflects an adjustment to exclude share-based compensation expense for all periods presented. Because companies use share-based payment awards differently, both in the type and quantity of awards granted, we excluded share-based compensation expense to address considerable variability among companies in recording compensation expense. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA that excludes this item is a meaningful measure of our operating performance because it permits period-over-period comparisons of our ongoing core operations before this item and facilitates our comparison of results before this item with results from other lodging companies.
EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA have limitations and should not be considered in isolation or as substitutes for performance measures calculated under GAAP. Both of these non-GAAP measures exclude certain cash expenses that we are obligated to make. In addition, other companies in our industry may calculate EBITDA and in particular Adjusted EBITDA differently than we do or may not calculate them at all, limiting EBITDA's and Adjusted EBITDA's usefulness as comparative measures.
Adjusted Operating Income Margin Excluding Cost Reimbursements. Cost reimbursements revenue represents reimbursements we receive for costs we incur on behalf of managed and franchised properties and relates, predominantly, to payroll costs at managed properties where we are the employer, but also includes reimbursements for other costs, such as those associated with our
A-9
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